Universities as the Gatekeepers of the Intellectual Property of Indigenous People's Medical Knowledge

Authors

  • Chris Kavelin Macquarie University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1375/S1326011100000351

Abstract

Abstract

This paper will explore the role of universities as one of the most important gatekeepers that facilitate the appropriation of Indigenous medical knowledge (IMK) from Indigenous communities to transnational pharmaceutical corporations. The first section will deconstruct the “denial of dependency” upon IMK. Using case studies, the critique will demonstrate a complex mystification of Indigenous knowledge and labour, and a de-identification of Indigenous people and nature as the source of the medicines appropriated. The last section will analyse the law and policy context of the past 20 years that is responsible for creating a process of academic capitalism that has strengthened this phenomenon.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Anne Burke M., & Francisco A. (Eds.). ( 2006). Monitoring financial flows for health research 2005: Behind the global numbers(Global Forum for Health Research). Retrieved 22 May, 2008, from http://www.globalforumhealth.org/filesupld/monitoring_financial_flows_05/mff05_front_matter.pdf.

Ashewood S. ( 2005). Herbal medicines and herbal medicine practice and cancer, Report prepared by National Herbalists Association of Australia, Submission to the Senate Community Affairs References Committee: Inquiry into Services and Treatment Options for Persons with Cancer. Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism, 17( 2), 35– 43.

AusBiotech. ( 2007). About biotechnology: bidustry overview. Retrieved 22 May, 2008, from http://wwwausbiotech.org/content.asp?pageid=25.

Bodeker G., & Kronenberg F. ( 2002). A public health agenda for complementary, alternative and traditional (Indigenous) medicine. American Journal of Public Health, 2(10), 1582– 1591.

Braithwaite J., & Drahos P. ( 2000). Global business regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chennells R. ( 2007). Ethics and practice in ethnobiology: The experience of the San Peoples of Southern Africa. In Mcmanis C. (Ed.), Biodiversity and the law: Intellectual property, bibotechnology & traditional knowledge(pp. 413– 427). London: Earthscan.

Compton B. D. ( 1993). Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian ethnobotany: The knowledge and usage of plants. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Coulepis A. ( 2005). Biotechnology industry in Australia: Growing fast. Asia Pacific Biotech News, 9(16), 769– 786.

Cresswell A. ( 2007, June 23). $4m shot in the arm for alternatives. The Australian. Retrieved 22 May, 2008, from http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21951066-23289,00.html.

De Bias A. ( 2005) Prostratin and Traditional Medicine, 11 June, Radio National, Saturday Breakfast with Geraldine Doogue. Retrieved 26 May, 2008, from http://wwwabc.net.au/rn/talks/saturday/stories/s1389713-htm.

Delanty G. ( 2001). Challenging knowledge: The university in the knowledge society. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.

Drahos P. ( 1996). A philosophy of intellectual property. Aldershot, NSW: Dartmouth.

Drahos P., & Braithwaite J. ( 2002). Information feudalism: Who owns the knowledge economy? New York, NY: The New Press.

Duke J. A. ( 1993). Medicinal plants and the pharmaceutical industry. In Janick J. & Simon J. E. (Eds.), New crops: Expbration, research and commercialisation, Proceedings of the Second National Symposium(pp. 664– 669) New York, NY: Wiley.

Encel S. ( 2000). Universities do matter: Australian universities in crisis. Minerva, 38( 2), 241– 251.

Farnsworth R., Akerele O., Bingel A. S., Soejarto D. D., & Guo Z. ( 1985). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 63, 965–81.

Fourmile H. ( 1995). Protecting Indigenous intellectual property: Rights in biodiversity. In Sultan R., Josif P., Mackinolty C. & Mackinolty J. (Eds.), Ecopolitics IX: Perspectives on Indigenous peoples management of environment resources. Darwin, NT: Northern Land Council.

Go8. ( 2005). Group of Eight Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Science and Innovation inquiry into pathways to technological innovation. Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://wwwgo8.edu.au/news/2005/Go8%20HoR%20Commercialisation%20submission%2006.05.05.pdf.

Horwitz D. ( 2000). Diagnosis and treatment of canine separation anxiety and the use of clomipramine hydrochloride (clomicalm). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 36( 1), 107– 109.

Janke T., & Quiggin R. ( 2005). Background paper on Indigenous cultural and intellectual property and customary law. Perth, WA: Law Reform Commission of Western Australia.

Johnson J., & Murton B. ( 2007). Re/placing native science: Indigenous voices in contemporary constructions of nature. Geographical Research, 45( 2), 121– 129.

Kate K., & Laird S. A. ( 1999). The commercial use of biodiversity: Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing. London: Earthscan.

Kavelin C. ( 2008). The protection of Indigenous medical knowledge: Towards the transformation of law to engage Indigenous spiritual concerns. Unpublished PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney.

Kuokkanen R. ( 2007). Reshaping the university: Responsibility, Indigenous epistemes, and the logic of the gift. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.

Lei S. H., & Bodeker G. ( 2004). Changshan – Ancient Febrifuge and Modern Antimalarial: Lessons for research from a forgotten tale. In Willcox M., Bodeker G. & Rasaoanaivo P. (Eds.), Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. Boca Rotan: CRC Press.

Low T. ( 1990). Bush medicine: A pharmacopeia of natural remedies. North Ryde, NSW: Angus & Robertson.

Macarthur S. ( 1989, April 13). Looking for bark with bite. The Australian, p. 7.

Macquarie University( 2006). Submission to Productivity Commission: Economic, social and environmental returns on public support for science and innovation in Australia, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research). Retrieved 22 May, 2008, From http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/37704/sub047.pdf.

Maffi L. ( 2001). On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge and the environment. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Mgbeoji I. ( 2006). Global biopiracy: Patents, plants, and Indigenous knowledge. Vancouver, DC: University of British Columbia Press.

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). ( 2006). Addressing the crisis in research and development for neglected diseases: Campaign for access to essential medicines, Médecins Sans Frontières. Retrieved 22 May, 2008, from http://wwwaccessmed-msf.org/fileadmin/user_upload/medinnov_accesspatents/BreifRDjan2006.pdf

NICM( 2007). NICM background. Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://wwwnicm.edu.au.htm.

Oxley A. ( 2006). Two myths – “Green Gold” and “Biopiracy”. The Curitiba Report, 1( 2), 1– 2. Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://www.apec.org.au/docs/CuritibaReport3_21_06%5B2%5D.pdf.

Posey D. A. ( 2002). Commodification of the sacred through intellectual property rights. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 83( 1), 3– 12

Plumwood V. ( 1994). Feminism and the mastery of nature. New York, NY: Routledge

Pratt M. L. ( 1992). Imperial eyes: Travel writing and transmigration. New York, NY: Routledge.

Readings B. ( 1996). The university in ruins. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

RIRDC( 2003). Report on completed projects in 2002-2003 and research in progress as at June 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://wwwrirdc.gov.au/comp03/eoi2.html#_Ref47935080.

Sampath P. G. ( 2005). Regulating bioprospecting: Institutions for drug research, access and benefit sharing. New York, NY: United Nations University.

Sanders R. ( 2004). Landmark agreement between Samoa and UC Berkeley could help search for AIDS cure. UC Berkley News, 29 September. Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://wwwberkeleyedu/news/media/releases/2004/09/29_samoashtml.

Shiva V. ( 1997). Biopiracy: The plunder of nature and knowledge. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.

Skatssoon J. ( 2004). Mangrove bark dulls the pain(ABC Science Online). Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/06/23/1138407.htm.

Slaughter S., & Leslie L. ( 1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies and the entrepreneurial university. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.

Smith H. L., & Glasson J. ( 2005). Excellence in new venture creation: The Oxfordshire model. eGov Monitor, Oxfordshire Economic Observatory, Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://wwwegovmonitor.com/node/3534.

Soejarto D. D., Sorensen J. A. T., Gyllenhaal C., Cordell G. A., Farnsworth N. R., Fong H. H. S., Kinghorn A. D., & Pezzuto J. M. ( 2002). The evolution of university of Illinois' Policy of Benefit-Sharing in Research on Natural Products. In Stepp J., Wyndham F. S., & Zarger R. K. (Eds), Ethnobiology and biocultural diversity, (pp. 21– 30). Athens, GA: International Society of Ethnobiology.

Stagliano K. W., Emadi A., Lu Z., Malinakova H. C., Twenter B., Yu M., Holland L. E., Rom A. M., Harwood J. S., Amin R., Johnson A. A., & Pommier Y. ( 2006). Regiocontrolled synthesis and HIV inhibitory activity of unsymmetrical binaphthoquinone and trimeric naphthoquinone derivatives of conocurvone. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 14( 16), 5651– 5665.

Stepp J. R., Wyndham F. S., & Zarger R. K. (Eds.). ( 2002). Ethnobiology and biocultural diversity. Athens, GA: International Society of Ethnobiology.

Stevens J. M., & Bagby J. W. ( 2001). Knowledge transfer from Universities to business: Returns for all stakeholders? Organisation, 8( 2), 259– 268

University of Queensland. ( 2004). Handbook of Policy and Procedures. Retrieved 22 May 2008, from http://wwwuq.edu.au/hupp/index.html?page=25152.

Vogel V. J. ( 1970). American Indian medicine. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Walsh G. ( 2003). Biopbarmaceuticals: Biochemistry and biotechnology. Chichester, WS: Wiley.

William J., & Beermann J. M. ( 1993). Social origins of property. The Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 6( 2), 217– 228.

WIPO-UNER( 2004). Study on the role of intellectual property rights in the sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge. Retrieved 31 January 2008, from http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/publications/769e_unep_tk.pdf.

WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation). (Ed.). ( 2001). Intellectual property needs arid expectations of traditional knowledge holders: WIPO report on fact-finding missions on intellectual property and traditional knowledge( 1998– 1999). Geneva: WIPO.

Downloads

Published

2008-07-01

How to Cite

Kavelin, C. (2008). Universities as the Gatekeepers of the Intellectual Property of Indigenous People’s Medical Knowledge. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 37(S1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1375/S1326011100000351

Issue

Section

Articles